Gerund & Infinitive - kiedy używać -ing, to-infinitive i bezokolicznika bez to

Szybka ściąga

Nie istnieje jedna reguła znaczeniowa, która zastąpi znajomość rekcji czasownika. Można jednak uporządkować najważniejsze grupy.

Gerund - forma -ing

Czasowniki z -ing

Najważniejsze czasowniki:

Nie: suggest me to go. Poprawnie: suggest going albo suggest that somebody go.

Po przyimku używamy -ing

• I'm interested in learning Spanish.
• She's good at solving problems.
• He left without saying goodbye.
• You improve by practising regularly.
• Instead of complaining, find a solution.

To jako przyimek

Nie każde to rozpoczyna bezokolicznik. W poniższych wyrażeniach to jest przyimkiem, więc po nim występuje forma -ing:

• look forward to seeing
• be used to getting up
• get used to working
• object to paying

Be used to, get used to i used to

Stałe konstrukcje z -ing

• It's worth visiting the museum.
• It's no use arguing.
• It's no good worrying.
• There's no point in waiting.
• I can't help laughing.
• I can't stand waiting.
• She has difficulty understanding.
• We had trouble finding the hotel.
• I spend time checking my phone.

To-infinitive

Czasowniki z to + V1

• want, hope, decide, plan
• promise, agree, refuse
• learn, manage, afford, fail
• seem, appear, offer, choose, intend

Przykłady:

• We decided to stay.
• She promised to call.
• They refused to answer.
• She managed to finish on time.
• We can't afford to buy it.

Czasownik + osoba + to-infinitive

Po tych czasownikach najpierw występuje osoba, a potem to + V1:

• ask / tell / want / expect somebody to do

• allow / encourage / advise somebody to do

• remind / invite / persuade / warn / teach somebody to do

• She asked me to wait.

• They allowed us to leave.

• She advised me to apply.

• Remind me to call Anna.

Allow ma dwa poprawne modele:

• They don't allow smoking here.
• They don't allow people to smoke here.

Przymiotnik + to-infinitive

• I'm glad to see you.
• It's difficult to explain.
• She was surprised to hear the news.
• This task is easy to understand.

For + osoba + to-infinitive

• It's difficult for me to decide.
• It is important for students to practise.

Cel

• I went to the shop to buy some milk.
• She called me to ask for help.

Question word + to-infinitive

• I don't know what to do.
• She showed me how to use the app.
• We haven't decided where to stay.
• I don't know whether to accept the offer.

Too / enough + to-infinitive

• I'm too tired to go out.
• The box is too heavy for me to lift.
• She is old enough to travel alone.
• We don't have enough time to finish.

Bare infinitive - bez to

Po modalach

• She can swim.
• You should go.
• They might come later.

Let i make

• Let me go.
• My parents let me stay out late.
• Don't make me laugh.
• The teacher made us rewrite the essay.

W stronie biernej po make wraca to:

• We were made to rewrite the essay.

Help, had better i would rather

• Can you help me carry / to carry this box?
• You had better leave now.
• I'd rather stay at home.

Ten sam czasownik - inne znaczenie

Remember i forget

• I remember meeting her. - pamiętam wcześniejsze wydarzenie.
• Remember to call Anna. - pamiętaj, by wykonać czynność.
• I'll never forget visiting Rome. - wspomnienie.
• I forgot to lock the door. - nie wykonałem czynności.

Stop

• He stopped smoking. - przestał palić.
• He stopped to smoke. - przerwał inną czynność, aby zapalić.

Try

• I tried to open the window. - podjąłem próbę.
• Try drinking less coffee. - wypróbuj tę metodę.

Regret

• I regret saying that. - żałuję wcześniejszej czynności.
• We regret to inform you... - formalnie: z przykrością informujemy.

Mean i go on

• Working abroad means spending less time with family. - oznacza.
• I meant to call you. - miałem zamiar.
• She went on talking. - kontynuowała tę samą czynność.
• She went on to present a solution. - przeszła do kolejnej czynności.

Need

• The car needs repairing. = The car needs to be repaired.
• I need to repair the car. - to ja muszę to zrobić.

Obie formy możliwe

Po like, love, hate i prefer możliwe są obie formy, lecz kontekst może zmieniać perspektywę:

• I like reading before bed. - lubię tę aktywność.
• I like to check my emails before work. - to mój zwyczaj.
• I prefer travelling by train to driving.
• I'd prefer to travel by train today.

Po start, begin i continue obie formy są często możliwe bez istotnej różnicy:

• It started raining / to rain.
• She continued working / to work.

Formy zaawansowane

Perfect infinitive - to have + V3

• She seems to have forgotten the meeting.
• He appears to have left early.

Continuous i passive infinitive

• She seems to be working from home.
• I want to be informed about changes.
• The painting is believed to have been stolen.

Perfect i passive gerund

• He denied having taken the money.
• She hates being told what to do.
• I don't mind being asked questions.

Czasowniki percepcji

• I saw him cross the street. - widziałem całe zdarzenie.
• I saw him crossing the street. - widziałem go w trakcie.
• I heard her singing in the next room.

Najczęstsze błędy

Ćwiczenie 1 - wybierz formę

1. I enjoy _____ (read) crime novels.
2. We decided _____ (leave) early.
3. You should _____ (check) the address.
4. She suggested _____ (take) a taxi.
5. My parents let me _____ (stay) out.
6. I hope _____ (see) you soon.
7. Do you mind _____ (wait)?
8. The teacher made us _____ (rewrite) the essay.

Ćwiczenie 2 - zmień znaczenie

1. He stopped _____ (smoke). Znaczenie: rzucił palenie.
2. He stopped _____ (smoke). Znaczenie: zatrzymał się, żeby zapalić.
3. I remember _____ (meet) her. Znaczenie: pamiętam spotkanie.
4. Remember _____ (send) the email. Znaczenie: nie zapomnij tego zrobić.
5. Try _____ (restart) the computer. Znaczenie: wypróbuj metodę.
6. I tried _____ (restart) it. Znaczenie: podjąłem próbę.

Ćwiczenie 3 - popraw błędy

1. I can't afford buying a new phone.
2. She suggested me to speak to the manager.
3. I'm looking forward to see you.
4. He made me to apologise.
5. I don't mind to wait.
6. We are used to work under pressure.

Odpowiedzi

Ćwiczenie 1: 1. reading, 2. to leave, 3. check, 4. taking, 5. stay, 6. to see, 7. waiting, 8. rewrite.

Ćwiczenie 2: 1. smoking, 2. to smoke, 3. meeting, 4. to send, 5. restarting, 6. to restart.

Ćwiczenie 3: 1. can't afford to buy, 2. suggested speaking / suggested that I speak, 3. looking forward to seeing, 4. made me apologise, 5. don't mind waiting, 6. used to working.

Zapamiętaj przed maturą

Zapamiętaj trzy główne grupy: czasowniki z -ing, czasowniki z to + V1 oraz konstrukcje z bezokolicznikiem bez to. Osobno ćwicz czasowniki, których znaczenie zmienia się zależnie od formy: remember, forget, stop, try, regret, mean i go on.