Inwersja w języku angielskim na maturze rozszerzonej

Status w CKE i szybka ściąga

Inwersja pojawia się w zakresie matury jako inwersja stylistyczna, konstrukcje emfatyczne oraz odpowiedzi typu So do I i Neither do I. Na rozszerzeniu trzeba ją rozpoznawać w transformacjach, tłumaczeniach, lukach i bardziej formalnym writingu.

Inwersja nie jest jednym wzorem. To kilka grup konstrukcji, które łączy zmiana zwykłego szyku zdania.

Najważniejszy mechanizm:

wyrażenie negatywne lub ograniczające + operator + podmiot + czasownik

• Never have I seen anything like this.
• Rarely does she complain.
• Little did I know what was going to happen.

Co to jest inwersja

Normalny szyk:

I have never seen such a beautiful place.

Po przeniesieniu wyrażenia negatywnego na początek:

Never have I seen such a beautiful place.

Zmieniamy kolejność podmiot + operator na operator + podmiot. Szyk przypomina pytanie, ale zdanie pytaniem nie jest.

Jeżeli operator już istnieje (be, have, czasownik modalny), przenosimy go przed podmiot. Jeżeli go nie ma, dodajemy do, does lub did.

Po does i did czasownik wraca do formy podstawowej.

Never, rarely, seldom i little

Never

• Never have I seen such a beautiful view.
• Never did I imagine that I would live abroad.
• Never had she experienced anything so frightening before.
• Never will I forget that day.

Czas zdania decyduje o operatorze. Samo never nie oznacza automatycznie Present Perfect.

Rarely i seldom

• Rarely does she make mistakes.
• Seldom do we see such courage.
• Rarely had he felt so nervous.

Nie: Rarely she makes mistakes.
Nie: Rarely does she makes mistakes.
Tak: Rarely does she make mistakes.

Little

Little na początku nie znaczy zwykle dosłownie „mało”. Oznacza „wcale nie” lub „nie zdawać sobie sprawy”.

• Little did I know what was going to happen.
• Little did she realise that the decision would change her life.
• Little did they expect to win the competition.

Po did używamy formy podstawowej: know, realise, expect.

Hardly, scarcely i barely... when

Konstrukcje opisują dwie czynności, które wydarzyły się niemal jedna po drugiej.

Hardly / Scarcely / Barely + had + podmiot + V3 + when + Past Simple

• Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
• Scarcely had we started when it began to rain.
• Barely had she opened the door when the alarm went off.

Najczęstsze pułapki:

1. Po hardly, scarcely i barely używamy when, nie than.
2. Pierwsza czynność jest zwykle w Past Perfect.
3. Druga czynność jest zwykle w Past Simple.

Nie: Hardly I had arrived when...
Tak: Hardly had I arrived when...

No sooner... than

Znaczenie jest podobne do hardly... when.

No sooner + had + podmiot + V3 + than + Past Simple

• No sooner had I arrived than the meeting started.
• No sooner had they left than it began to snow.
• No sooner had she finished speaking than everyone started asking questions.

Zapamiętaj parę:

• Hardly... when
• No sooner... than

Not until

Normalny szyk:

I didn't understand the problem until the teacher explained it.

Inwersja:

Not until the teacher explained it did I understand the problem.

Najważniejsza zasada: inwersja jest w zdaniu głównym, nie w części po not until.

• Not until I got home did I realise that I had lost my wallet.
• Not until midnight did they finish the work.
• Not until she apologised did he agree to speak to her again.

Nie: Not until did I get home I realised...

Only then, later, after, when, by i if

Only wywołuje inwersję, gdy rozpoczyna wyrażenie ograniczające.

• Only then did I understand the problem.
• Only later did she discover the truth.
• Only after the meeting did I realise how serious the problem was.
• Only after I had spoken to Tom did I understand what had happened.
• Only when I saw the results did I believe that I had passed.
• Only by working together can we solve the problem.
• Only if you practise regularly will you improve.

Jeżeli po only występuje zdanie podrzędne, zachowuje ono normalny szyk. Inwersja pojawia się w zdaniu głównym.

Only when I saw the results did I believe it.

Nie: Only when did I see the results...

Kiedy only nie powoduje inwersji

Jeżeli only określa podmiot, nie robimy inwersji:

• Only Tom knew the answer.
• Only Anna understood the question.

Porównaj:

• Only Tom knew the answer. - tylko Tom.
• Only then did Tom know the answer. - dopiero wtedy.

Wyrażenia formalne z no i not

Under no circumstances

• Under no circumstances should you reveal your password.
• Under no circumstances must these documents be removed.
• Under no circumstances are students allowed to use phones during the exam.

On no account

• On no account should you open this file.
• On no account must visitors enter this area.

At no time, in no way i nowhere

• At no time did he admit that he had made a mistake.
• In no way does this decision solve the real problem.
• Nowhere else will you find such a wide range of courses.

Not for one moment i not once

• Not for one moment did I believe his story.
• Not once did she apologise for what she had done.

Wszystkie te konstrukcje są formalne i emfatyczne.

Not only... but also

Jeżeli not only rozpoczyna zdanie i odnosi się do całej pierwszej części, stosujemy inwersję:

• Not only did she pass the exam, but she also got the highest score.
• Not only is the course useful, but it is also free.
• Not only has the company reduced costs, but it has also improved customer service.

Po did używamy formy podstawowej: did she pass, nie did she passed.

Gdy not only znajduje się wewnątrz normalnego zdania, inwersja nie jest obowiązkowa:

She not only passed the exam but also got the highest score.

Inwersja warunkowa bez if

W formalnych zdaniach warunkowych można usunąć if i użyć jednego z trzech operatorów: had, were, should.

Had I known - Third Conditional

• If I had known, I would have called you.
• Had I known, I would have called you.

Schemat:

Had + podmiot + V3, would have + V3

• Had we left earlier, we wouldn't have missed the train.
• Had I not seen it myself, I wouldn't have believed it.
• Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.

W formalnej inwersji najczęściej używamy pełnego Had I not known, a nie skrótu Hadn't I known.

Were I you - Second Conditional

• If I were you, I would apologise.

• Were I you, I would apologise.

• Were she here, she would know what to do.

• Were the situation different, we might agree.

• Were the company to close, hundreds of people would lose their jobs.

• Were you to change your mind, let me know.

Were it not for... odnosi się do sytuacji teraźniejszej lub ogólnej:

Were it not for my parents, I couldn't afford to study abroad.

Should you need - formalny warunek przyszły

• If you need any help, contact me.

• Should you need any help, contact me.

• Should you have any questions, please let me know.

• Should the situation change, we will inform you immediately.

Should oznacza tu „gdyby / jeśli przypadkiem”, a nie „powinieneś”.

So do I, neither do I i nor do I

To inna grupa niż stylistyczne Never have I, ale nadal opiera się na inwersji.

So - zgoda ze zdaniem twierdzącym

• I love travelling. - So do I.
• She is tired. - So am I.
• Tom can swim. - So can I.
• They have finished. - So have we.
• Kate went to London. - So did I.

Powtarzamy operator pasujący do pierwszego zdania.

Neither / nor - zgoda ze zdaniem przeczącym

• I don't like coffee. - Neither do I. / Nor do I.
• She isn't ready. - Neither am I.
• Tom can't swim. - Nor can I.
• We haven't finished. - Neither have we.

So do I oznacza „ja też”. So I do służy raczej do potwierdzenia: „rzeczywiście tak jest”.

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Materiałyktóre robią robotę.

Inwersja po okolicznikach miejsca

W stylu literackim lub opisowym można przenieść pełny czasownik przed rzeczownikowy podmiot:

• Here comes the bus.
• There goes our last chance.
• Down came the rain.
• Into the room walked a man.

Jeżeli podmiot jest zaimkiem, zwykle zachowujemy normalny szyk:

• Here he comes.
• There she goes.

Nie: Here comes he.

So / such - inwersja emfatyczna

To formalne i literackie konstrukcje, spotykane przede wszystkim w wymagających tekstach:

• So difficult was the exam that many students ran out of time.
• Such was the confusion that nobody knew what to do.

Normalnie:

• The exam was so difficult that many students ran out of time.
• The confusion was such that nobody knew what to do.

Kiedy nie robimy inwersji

Brak inwersji, gdy wyrażenie nie zostało przeniesione na początek:

• I have never seen anything like this.
• She rarely makes mistakes.

Brak inwersji, gdy only określa podmiot:

• Only Anna understood the question.

Brak obowiązkowej inwersji, gdy not only jest wewnątrz zdania:

• She not only passed but also won a scholarship.

Po only when, only after i not until zdanie podrzędne ma normalny szyk, a inwersja występuje w zdaniu głównym:

• Only when I got home did I realise the truth.

Tabela najważniejszych schematów

Jak budować inwersję krok po kroku

Zdanie: I had never experienced such stress before.

1. Znajdź wyrażenie negatywne: never.
2. Przenieś je na początek: Never...
3. Znajdź operator: had.
4. Przenieś operator przed podmiot: Never had I...
5. Zachowaj logicznie resztę zdania.

Wynik: Never had I experienced such stress before.

Gdy operatora nie ma, dodaj odpowiednią formę do:

She rarely speaks in public. -> Rarely does she speak in public.

Typowe tłumaczenia

• Nigdy wcześniej nie widziałem czegoś takiego. - Never before have I seen anything like this.
• Rzadko spotykamy tak zaangażowanych uczniów. - Rarely do we meet such dedicated students.
• Nie miałem pojęcia, co się wydarzy. - Little did I know what was going to happen.
• Ledwo dotarliśmy, a zaczęło padać. - Hardly had we arrived when it started to rain.
• Dopiero kiedy wróciłem, zrozumiałem błąd. - Not until I got home did I realise my mistake.
• Dopiero wtedy zrozumiałem problem. - Only then did I understand the problem.
• Pod żadnym pozorem nie otwieraj pliku. - Under no circumstances should you open the file.
• Nie tylko zdała, ale uzyskała najwyższy wynik. - Not only did she pass, but she also got the highest score.
• Gdybym wiedział, zadzwoniłbym. - Had I known, I would have called.
• Na twoim miejscu odmówiłbym. - Were I you, I would refuse.
• Gdyby potrzebowali Państwo informacji... - Should you need further information...

Najczęstsze błędy

Nie: Never I have seen anything like this.
Tak: Never have I seen anything like this.

Nie: Rarely does she complains.
Tak: Rarely does she complain.

Nie: Little did he knew.
Tak: Little did he know.

Nie: Hardly had I arrived than the phone rang.
Tak: Hardly had I arrived when the phone rang.

Nie: No sooner had I arrived when...
Tak: No sooner had I arrived than...

Nie: Only when did I get home I understood.
Tak: Only when I got home did I understand.

Nie: If had I known...
Tak: If I had known... albo Had I known...

Nie: Should you will need help...
Tak: Should you need help...

Inwersja w writingu

Jedna naturalna i poprawna konstrukcja może pokazać szeroki zakres gramatyki. Dobre przykłady:

• Not only does public transport reduce traffic, but it can also lower air pollution.
• Only by investing in education can governments create long-term change.
• Under no circumstances should schools ignore students' mental health.

Nie używaj inwersji w co drugim zdaniu. Jedna dobrze dopasowana konstrukcja jest lepsza niż kilka sztucznych lub błędnych.

Zadania maturalne

Zadanie 1 - uzupełnij operator

1. Never _____ I seen anything like this before.
2. Rarely _____ she complain about her work.
3. Little _____ they know what was waiting for them.
4. Never _____ I forget that day.
5. Seldom _____ we had such a difficult problem to solve.
6. Under no circumstances _____ you reveal this password.
7. Not only _____ he apologise, but he also offered to pay.
8. Only then _____ I realise how serious the situation was.

Zadanie 2 - przekształć zdania

1. I have never heard such a ridiculous explanation. Zacznij od Never.
2. She rarely arrives late. Zacznij od Rarely.
3. I didn't realise Tom had left until I checked his room. Zacznij od Not until.
4. We understood the scale of the problem only then. Zacznij od Only then.
5. The company not only reduced costs but also improved customer service. Zacznij od Not only.

Zadanie 3 - wybierz when albo than

1. Hardly had I closed the door _____ the bell rang.
2. No sooner had we arrived _____ the meeting began.
3. Scarcely had she started _____ the lights went out.
4. No sooner had he sat down _____ he was asked to leave.

Zadanie 4 - inwersja warunkowa

Przepisz bez if.

1. If I had known, I would have acted differently.
2. If she were here, she would help us.
3. If you need any further information, contact us.
4. If it had not been for your support, I would have failed.
5. If the company were to close, many people would lose their jobs.

Zadanie 5 - tłumaczenie fragmentu

1. (Nigdy nie widziałem) such a beautiful place.
2. (Dopiero wtedy zrozumiałem) why she had left.
3. (Pod żadnym pozorem nie wolno ci) share this password.
4. (Gdybym wiedział) about the problem, I would have helped.
5. Tom cannot swim and (ja też nie).

Odpowiedzi

Zadanie 1: 1. have, 2. does, 3. did, 4. will, 5. have, 6. should / must, 7. did, 8. did.

Zadanie 2:

1. Never have I heard such a ridiculous explanation.
2. Rarely does she arrive late.
3. Not until I checked his room did I realise that Tom had left.
4. Only then did we understand the scale of the problem.
5. Not only did the company reduce costs, but it also improved customer service.

Zadanie 3: 1. when, 2. than, 3. when, 4. than.

Zadanie 4:

1. Had I known, I would have acted differently.
2. Were she here, she would help us.
3. Should you need any further information, contact us.
4. Had it not been for your support, I would have failed.
5. Were the company to close, many people would lose their jobs.

Zadanie 5:

1. Never have I seen
2. Only then did I understand
3. Under no circumstances should you
4. Had I known
5. neither can I / nor can I

Szybka powtórka

• Negatywne lub ograniczające wyrażenie na początku uruchamia szyk operator + podmiot.
• Jeśli operatora nie ma, dodaj do, does lub did.
• Po does i did użyj formy podstawowej.
• Hardly / scarcely / barely łącz z when.
• No sooner łącz z than.
• Po not until, only when i only after odwracaj szyk w zdaniu głównym.
• Only + podmiot nie powoduje inwersji.
• Warunek bez if zaczyna się od had, were lub should.
• So zgadza się ze zdaniem twierdzącym, a neither / nor z przeczącym.