Status w CKE
Modal Perfect pojawia się na poziomie rozszerzonym. Pozwala mówić o przeszłości z perspektywy teraźniejszości: wyciągamy wniosek, zgadujemy, co mogło się wydarzyć, albo oceniamy stopień pewności.
Najważniejszy schemat: modal + have + Past Participle (V3).
Budowa Modal Perfect
| Konstrukcja | Przykład |
|---|---|
| must have + V3 | He must have forgotten. |
| can't / couldn't have + V3 | It can't have been Anna. |
| may / might / could have + V3 | She might have missed the bus. |
| may / might not have + V3 | He may not have seen it. |
Po have zawsze używamy trzeciej formy: must have gone, nie must have went; might have seen, nie might have saw.
Must have - mocny wniosek
Używamy, gdy dowody lub logika pozwalają uznać, że coś prawie na pewno się wydarzyło.
- The lights were on all night. Tom must have forgotten to turn them off.
- She got 100% in the test. She must have studied very hard.
- Nobody else had the key. He must have opened the door.
Porównaj teraźniejszość i przeszłość:
| Teraz | Przeszłość |
|---|---|
| He must be tired. | He must have been tired. |
| She must know the answer. | She must have known the answer. |
Can't i couldn't have - niemożliwość
Wyrażają mocne przekonanie, że coś nie mogło się wydarzyć.
- It can't have been Anna. She was abroad.
- Tom can't have taken the car. He doesn't have a driving licence.
- They couldn't have finished already. They only started ten minutes ago.
W standardowej dedukcji negatywnej używamy can't have lub couldn't have, a nie mustn't have.
May, might i could have - możliwość
Używamy, gdy nie wiemy, co dokładnie się stało, ale dana wersja jest możliwa.
- Kate may have missed the bus.
- He might have forgotten about the meeting.
- Someone could have taken the wrong suitcase.
May, might i could często nakładają się znaczeniowo. Kontekst jest ważniejszy niż sztuczne procenty prawdopodobieństwa.
May not i might not have
Oznaczają „być może nie”. Nie są tym samym co can't have, które wyraża niemożliwość.
| Zdanie | Znaczenie |
|---|---|
| He may not have heard us. | Być może nas nie usłyszał. |
| He can't have heard us. | To niemożliwe, żeby nas usłyszał. |
Modal Perfect Continuous
Gdy wniosek dotyczy procesu trwającego w przeszłości, używamy:
modal + have been + czasownik-ing
- He must have been working all night.
- She might have been sleeping when you called.
- They may have been waiting at the wrong platform.
Modal Perfect Passive
Gdy ważniejsze jest to, co zostało zrobione, używamy:
modal + have been + V3
- The window must have been broken during the storm.
- The email may have been sent to the wrong address.
- The documents can't have been destroyed.
Dwa znaczenia could have
Could have + V3 może oznaczać:
- jedną z możliwych wersji przeszłości: Someone could have taken my bag;
- niewykorzystaną możliwość: You could have called me.
Formy są identyczne. Znaczenie rozpoznajemy wyłącznie z kontekstu.
Jak wybrać właściwą formę
| Znaczenie | Forma |
|---|---|
| prawie na pewno tak było | must have + V3 |
| to niemożliwe | can't / couldn't have + V3 |
| być może tak było | may / might / could have + V3 |
| być może tak nie było | may / might not have + V3 |
| przypuszczenie o procesie | modal + have been + -ing |
| przypuszczenie w stronie biernej | modal + have been + V3 |
Najczęstsze błędy
Nie: He must have went home.
Tak: He must have gone home.
Nie: She might had forgotten.
Tak: She might have forgotten.
Nie: It mustn't have been Tom. jako standardowa dedukcja.
Tak: It can't have been Tom.
Nie: He may have been work.
Tak: He may have been working.
Nie: The package must have delivered.
Tak: The package must have been delivered.
Typowe tłumaczenia
- On musiał o tym zapomnieć. -> He must have forgotten about it.
- To nie mógł być Tom. -> It can't have been Tom.
- Być może zgubiła klucze. -> She may / might have lost her keys.
- Być może nie widziała wiadomości. -> She may / might not have seen the message.
- Musiał pracować całą noc. -> He must have been working all night.
Zadania maturalne
Zadanie 1 - wybierz formę
- Tom got the highest score. He _____ (study) very hard. Jesteś prawie pewien.
- It _____ (be) Anna at the party. She was in Spain.
- Kate is not answering. She _____ (leave) her phone at home. To tylko możliwość.
- He looks exhausted. He _____ (work) all night.
- The parcel is missing. It _____ (deliver) to the wrong address. To możliwe.
Zadanie 2 - popraw błędy
- He must have went home.
- She may had forgotten about us.
- It mustn't have been Anna; she was abroad.
- He might have been sleep when you called.
- The documents must have destroyed.
Zadanie 3 - transformacje
- I am almost certain Tom forgot. Użyj MUST.
- I am sure that it was not Kate. Użyj CAN'T.
- Perhaps they took the wrong train. Użyj MIGHT.
- Perhaps she was sleeping when I called. Użyj MAY.
Odpowiedzi
Zadanie 1: 1. must have studied, 2. can't / couldn't have been, 3. may / might / could have left, 4. must have been working, 5. may / might / could have been delivered.
Zadanie 2: 1. must have gone, 2. may have forgotten, 3. can't / couldn't have been, 4. might have been sleeping, 5. must have been destroyed.
Zadanie 3: 1. Tom must have forgotten. 2. It can't have been Kate. 3. They might have taken the wrong train. 4. She may have been sleeping when I called.
Szybka ściąga
Najpierw ustal stopień pewności, potem czas i stronę zdania. Must have to mocny wniosek, can't have niemożliwość, a may / might / could have możliwość. Proces wymaga have been + -ing, a strona bierna have been + V3.