Cleft Sentences i emfaza - It was John who..., What I need is..., All I did was...

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Cleft sentence służy przede wszystkim emfazie. Rozdziela zwykłe zdanie na dwie części, aby wyróżnić jedną informację.

Zwykłe zdanie a cleft sentence

Zwykłe: John told me the truth yesterday.

• It was John who told me the truth yesterday. - osoba.
• It was the truth that John told me. - informacja.
• It was yesterday that John told me the truth. - czas.

It-cleft - schemat

IT + BE + ELEMENT WYRÓŻNIONY + WHO/THAT + RESZTA ZDANIA

• It was Anna who organised the meeting.
• It is this problem that we need to solve first.
• It was in London that I first met her.
• It was because of the weather that we cancelled the trip.

Forma be dopasowuje się do perspektywy czasowej: It is Tom who usually helps me. It was Tom who helped me yesterday.

Who czy that?

Przy osobach naturalne jest who, choć that jest możliwe w wielu it-clefts. Przy rzeczach, miejscu, czasie i powodzie używamy zwykle that.

• It was Tom who/that called me.
• It was the blue dress that she chose.
• It was on Monday that the problem started.

What-cleft

WHAT + CLAUSE + BE + ELEMENT WYRÓŻNIONY

• What I need is more time.
• What surprised me was his reaction.
• What we should do is talk to the teacher.
• What I like about this course is its practical approach.

All I did was

• All I did was (to) send him an apology.
• All she wanted was to be left alone.
• All we need to do is wait.

Po All ... was/is spotyka się bezokolicznik z to lub bez to, szczególnie po do.

The thing, reason, person i place

• The thing I like most about the school is the atmosphere.
• The reason I left early was that I felt ill.
• The person who helped me most was my English teacher.
• The place where I feel relaxed is my grandparents' garden.

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Reversed pseudo-cleft

Element wyróżniony może pojawić się na początku:

• More time is what I need.
• A quiet evening at home is what I would prefer.

To konstrukcja bardziej zaawansowana; klasyczne What I need is... zwykle brzmi prościej.

Emphatic do, does i did

To nie cleft sentence, ale ważna forma emfazy:

• I do understand your point, but I disagree.
• She does work hard.
• He did call me yesterday.

Po do/does/did używamy formy podstawowej: nie He did called.

Cleft Sentences w writingu

• What makes online learning attractive is its flexibility.
• What schools should focus on is teaching critical evaluation.
• It is young people who will be most affected by today's decisions.
• The main reason students feel stressed is that they have too little time to rest.

Jedna dobrze użyta konstrukcja zwiększa różnorodność. Kilka clefts w każdym akapicie brzmi sztucznie.

Cleft a Relative Clause

• The girl who called me is my cousin. - relative clause identyfikuje dziewczynę.
• It was my cousin who called me. - cleft podkreśla, że to właśnie kuzynka zadzwoniła.

Najczęstsze błędy

• It was John which told me -> who/that.
• What I need are to rest -> What I need is to rest / some rest.
• All I did was called him -> All I did was (to) call him.
• He did called me -> He did call me.
• Formalnie lepiej: The reason I left was that I was ill, nie the reason why... because.

Ćwiczenia

Zbuduj it-cleft:

1. Anna organised the event. Podkreśl Annę.
2. I met Tom in Berlin. Podkreśl Berlin.
3. The meeting was cancelled because of the storm. Podkreśl powód.
4. She called me yesterday. Podkreśl czas.

Odpowiedzi:

1. It was Anna who/that organised the event.
2. It was in Berlin that I met Tom.
3. It was because of the storm that the meeting was cancelled.
4. It was yesterday that she called me.

Przekształć:

1. I need more time. Zacznij What...
2. I only sent him an email. Zacznij All...
3. I left because I felt ill. Zacznij The reason...
4. She works hard. Dodaj emphatic form.

Odpowiedzi: What I need is more time. All I did was (to) send him an email. The reason I left was that I felt ill. She does work hard.

Mini-test i szybka ściąga

1. It was my teacher ___ encouraged me to apply.
2. Rewrite: I need a clear plan. Start WHAT.
3. Rewrite: I only wanted to help. Start ALL.
4. Correct: It was last week when I met her for the first time.
5. She ___ know the answer, but was too nervous to speak.

Odpowiedzi: 1. who/that; 2. What I need is a clear plan; 3. All I wanted was to help; 4. It was last week that...; 5. did.

Ściąga: It was X who/that... wyróżnia X. What I need is... wyróżnia potrzebę. All I did was (to) + V1. Do/does/did + V1 daje mocne potwierdzenie.