Reported Speech - mowa zależna od podstaw do transformacji maturalnych

Szybka ściąga

W mowie zależnej ustal cztery rzeczy: kiedy relacjonujesz wypowiedź, czy treść nadal jest aktualna, czy zmienia się perspektywa osoby i czasu oraz czy relacjonujesz zdanie, pytanie, polecenie czy prośbę.

Direct Speech i Reported Speech

Direct Speech cytuje dokładne słowa:

Tom said, "I am tired."

Reported Speech relacjonuje ich sens:

Tom said that he was tired.

W mowie zależnej zwykle nie używamy cudzysłowu, dopasowujemy zaimki, czas może się cofnąć, a określenia czasu i miejsca mogą się zmienić.

Say czy tell

Say

say + (that) + zdanie

• She said that she was tired.
• Tom said he would call later.
• She said to me that... - poprawne, ale w zwykłej mowie naturalniejsze jest tell.

Tell

tell + osoba + (that) + zdanie

• She told me that she was tired.
• Tom told us he would call later.

Nie mów:

• She told that she was tired.
• She said me that she was tired.

Poprawnie:

• She said that she was tired.
• She told me that she was tired.

Backshift - zmiana czasów

Jeśli reporting verb jest w przeszłości, czas w relacjonowanej wypowiedzi często przesuwa się wstecz.

Present Simple na Past Simple

• "I work from home," Anna said.
• Anna said that she worked from home.

Present Continuous na Past Continuous

• "I'm studying," Kate said.
• Kate said that she was studying.

Present Perfect na Past Perfect

• "I've finished," Tom said.
• Tom said that he had finished.

Past Simple na Past Perfect

• "I lost my keys," Tom said.
• Tom said that he had lost his keys.

Past Continuous na Past Perfect Continuous

• "I was waiting for the bus," she said.
• She said that she had been waiting for the bus.

Czasowniki modalne

• will -> would
• can -> could
• may -> might
• must w znaczeniu obowiązku -> had to

Przykłady:

• "I'll call you tomorrow," Anna said.
• Anna said that she would call me the next day.
• "I can help you," Tom said.
• Tom said that he could help me.
• "I must leave now," he said.
• He said that he had to leave then.

Past Perfect, would, could, should i might zwykle pozostają bez zmiany.

Kiedy backshift nie jest konieczny

Backshift nie jest automatyczny.

Reporting verb w teraźniejszości

• Tom says, "I'm tired."
• Tom says that he is tired.

Fakt nadal jest prawdziwy

• The teacher said, "Water boils at 100°C."
• The teacher said that water boils at 100°C.

Informacja nadal jest aktualna

• Anna said, "I live in Poznań."
• Jeśli nadal tam mieszka: Anna said that she lives in Poznań.

W transformacjach zawsze kieruj się kontekstem i wymaganym znaczeniem.

Zmiana zaimków oraz czasu i miejsca

Zaimki zmieniamy zgodnie z perspektywą:

• Tom said, "I like my new job."
• Tom said that he liked his new job.
• Anna said to me, "I'll help you."
• Anna told me that she would help me.

Zmiany zależą od perspektywy. Jeśli relacjonujemy wypowiedź tego samego dnia i w tym samym miejscu, today lub here nie muszą się zmienić.

Reported Questions

Pytania WH-

Po pytajniku wracamy do szyku zdania twierdzącego:

• "Where do you live?" she asked me.
• She asked me where I lived.

Nie: She asked me where did I live.

Pytania yes/no

Wprowadzamy je przez if lub whether:

• "Are you tired?" she asked me.
• She asked me if / whether I was tired.
• "Did Tom call?" Anna asked.
• Anna asked if / whether Tom had called.

Nie używamy that, do, does ani did.

Polecenia i prośby

Tell + osoba + to

• "Open the book," the teacher said.
• The teacher told me to open the book.

Przeczenie:

• "Don't touch it," he said.
• He told me not to touch it.

Ask + osoba + to

• "Please help me," she said.
• She asked me to help her.
• "Please don't play music so loudly," the neighbour said.
• The neighbour asked me not to play music so loudly.

Reporting verbs

Accuse + osoba + of + -ing

• "You stole the phone!" the guard said to me.
• The guard accused me of stealing the phone.

Deny + -ing

• "I didn't hear anything," the policeman said.
• The policeman denied hearing / having heard anything.

Object to + -ing

Po to w object to występuje -ing, ponieważ to jest przyimkiem:

• He objected to having the meeting interrupted.

Inne ważne reporting verbs

• promise + to: He promised to help me.
• offer + to: He offered to carry my bag.
• refuse + to: He refused to answer.
• advise + osoba + to: She advised me to see a doctor.
• warn + osoba + not to: She warned me not to go alone.
• remind + osoba + to: She reminded me to call Anna.
• suggest + -ing / that-clause: He suggested going by train. / He suggested that we go by train.

Nie: He suggested me to go by train.

Najczęstsze błędy

• Nie: She said me that she was tired.

• Tak: She told me that she was tired. / She said that she was tired.

• Nie: He told that he would come.

• Tak: He said that he would come. / He told me that he would come.

• Nie: She asked where did I live.

• Tak: She asked where I lived.

• Nie: He asked me that I was tired.

• Tak: He asked me if / whether I was tired.

• Nie: The teacher told me don't talk.

• Tak: The teacher told me not to talk.

• Nie: He suggested me to take a taxi.

• Tak: He suggested taking a taxi.

Ćwiczenia

Zadanie 1 - statements

1. Anna said, "I am tired."
2. Tom said, "I have finished my homework."
3. Kate said, "I lost my keys yesterday."
4. Mark said, "I will call you tomorrow."
5. Eva said, "I can help you."
6. Peter said, "I was waiting for the bus."

Zadanie 2 - say czy tell

1. She _____ me that she was leaving.
2. Tom _____ that he didn't know the answer.
3. They _____ us that the meeting had been cancelled.
4. What did Anna _____ about the new teacher?
5. He _____ me not to worry.

Zadanie 3 - pytania, polecenia i reporting verbs

1. "Where do you work?" he asked me.
2. "Have you finished?" Mum asked me.
3. "Don't open the door," she said to us.
4. "You broke the window," he said to Tom. (ACCUSED)
5. "Let's take a taxi," she said. (SUGGESTED)

Odpowiedzi

Zadanie 1:

1. Anna said that she was tired.
2. Tom said that he had finished his homework.
3. Kate said that she had lost her keys the day before.
4. Mark said that he would call me the next day.
5. Eva said that she could help me.
6. Peter said that he had been waiting for the bus.

Zadanie 2: 1. told, 2. said, 3. told, 4. say, 5. told.

Zadanie 3:

1. He asked me where I worked.
2. Mum asked me if / whether I had finished.
3. She told us not to open the door.
4. He accused Tom of breaking the window.
5. She suggested taking a taxi.