Participle Clauses - -ing, V3, having done i konstrukcje imiesłowowe na maturze

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Participle clauses są szczególnie przydatne na rozszerzeniu: w transformacjach, rozumieniu tekstu i writingu. Najważniejsza zasada: wykonawca skróconej czynności musi być taki sam jak podmiot zdania głównego.

Co to jest Participle Clause?

To skrócona konstrukcja z imiesłowem, która może zastąpić zdanie okolicznikowe albo skrócić relative clause.

Forma -ing

Forma -ing zwykle oznacza aktywną czynność równoczesną, przyczynę albo rezultat:

• Walking through the park, I saw an old friend.
• He walked down the street, talking on the phone.
• Knowing that the road was closed, we took another route.
• Not wanting to disturb anyone, she closed the door quietly.
• The storm damaged several houses, leaving many families without electricity.

Past participle - V3

V3 ma najczęściej znaczenie bierne lub opisuje stan będący skutkiem czynności:

• Built in the nineteenth century, the bridge is still in use.
• Surrounded by mountains, the village is difficult to reach.
• Asked about the problem, the manager refused to comment.

Having + V3

Podkreśla, że pierwsza czynność zakończyła się przed czynnością zdania głównego:

• Having finished the report, she sent it to her manager.
• Having missed the train, we had to wait for the next one.
• Not having studied enough, he found the exam difficult.

Nie zawsze trzeba używać perfect participle, jeśli kolejność jest oczywista, ale forma ta usuwa wątpliwości.

Having been + V3

To wcześniejsza czynność bierna:

• Having been informed about the delay, the passengers changed their plans.
• Having been offered the job, Kate asked for a day to think.
• Having been warned several times, he could not claim ignorance.

Skróty po when, while, once i if

W formalniejszym stylu można zachować spójnik:

• When asked about the incident, he refused to answer.
• While waiting for the train, I checked my email.
• Once completed, the form should be sent to the office.
• If used correctly, this tool can save time.

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Reduced Relative Clauses

• Students living abroad... = students who live / are living abroad.
• The documents sent yesterday... = documents which were sent yesterday.
• People wishing to apply... = people who wish to apply.

Dangling participle

Domyślny podmiot participle clause musi być taki sam jak podmiot zdania głównego.

• Poprawnie: Walking home, I saw a fox.
• Błąd: Walking home, the rain started. - brzmi, jakby deszcz szedł do domu.
• Poprawnie: While I was walking home, it started to rain.

Przed skróceniem zapytaj: kto wykonuje czynność z -ing lub V3?

Przeczenie

Not stawiamy przed participle:

• Not knowing what to say, I remained silent.
• Not having received a reply, she sent another email.
• Not invited to the meeting, Tom stayed at home.

Participle Clauses w writingu

Jedna lub dwie naturalne konstrukcje mogą zagęścić tekst:

• Having considered both options, I believe the second solution would be more effective.
• Faced with rising costs, many young people live with their parents longer.
• Used responsibly, social media can be a useful educational tool.

Najczęstsze błędy

• Having finish -> Having finished.
• Having been warn -> Having been warned.
• Błędny wykonawca: Walking home, the rain started.
• The students studied abroad often... jako skrót -> students studying abroad....
• Not to know what to do -> Not knowing what to do.

Ćwiczenia

Wybierz formę:

1. Knowing / Known the answer, she raised her hand.
2. Built / Building in 1905, the house is protected.
3. Having finished / Finished the report, Tom emailed it.
4. Not received / Not having received a reply, I sent another message.
5. While waited / While waiting for the bus, I saw Kate.
6. If used / If using correctly, the device is safe.

Odpowiedzi: Knowing, Built, Having finished, Not having received, While waiting, If used.

Skróć zdania:

1. Because she felt tired, she went home early.
2. After he had completed the course, he applied for a job.
3. The documents which were sent on Monday arrived today.
4. When he was asked to explain, he apologised.

Odpowiedzi: Feeling tired...; Having completed the course...; The documents sent on Monday...; When asked to explain...

Mini-test i szybka ściąga

1. ___ (realise) that the shop was closed, we went elsewhere.
2. ___ (complete) in 2024, the sports centre is open.
3. ___ (not/hear) from the company, she called them.
4. Correct: Driving to school, the traffic was terrible.
5. Rewrite: The applicants who were selected for interview...

Odpowiedzi: 1. Realising; 2. Completed; 3. Not having heard; 4. Driving to school, I found the traffic terrible; 5. The applicants selected for interview...

Ściąga: -ing = aktywna czynność; V3 = bierne znaczenie; having + V3 = wcześniejsza czynność aktywna; having been + V3 = wcześniejsza czynność bierna. Zawsze sprawdź wspólnego wykonawcę.