Reporting Passive - jak tworzyć It is said that i He is believed to

Szybka ściąga

Reporting Passive przekazuje opinie, przekonania i doniesienia bez wskazywania konkretnej osoby, która je wypowiada.

Status w CKE i najważniejsza idea

Reporting Passive należy do rozszerzonego zakresu strony biernej. W zadaniach maturalnych może pojawić się konstrukcja typu He is believed to have robbed a bank.

Porównaj:

• People say that the actor lives in London.
• It is said that the actor lives in London.
• The actor is said to live in London.

Dwie ostatnie wersje znaczą: „Mówi się, że aktor mieszka w Londynie”.

Dwa podstawowe schematy

Schemat A - It + passive + that

It + be + V3 + that + zdanie

• It is said that he is very wealthy.
• It is believed that the painting is genuine.
• It was reported that several people had been injured.

Schemat B - osoba lub rzecz + passive + infinitive

subject + be + V3 + to-infinitive

• He is said to be very wealthy.
• The painting is believed to be genuine.
• Several people were reported to have been injured.

Na rozszerzeniu trzeba umieć przejść między trzema wersjami:

1. People believe that she is honest.
2. It is believed that she is honest.
3. She is believed to be honest.

Najczęstsze czasowniki

W Reporting Passive często występują:

• say - mówić
• believe - uważać, wierzyć
• think - uważać
• report - donosić, informować
• know - wiedzieć
• expect - oczekiwać
• consider - uważać
• understand - przyjmować, rozumieć
• allege - twierdzić, zarzucać

Przykłady:

• The company is said to be in financial trouble.
• The suspect is believed to have left the country.
• The new treatment is thought to be effective.
• Three climbers are reported to be missing.
• The building is known to be unsafe.
• Prices are expected to rise next year.

To be i to be doing

To be - sytuacja równoczesna

Jeżeli informacja dotyczy tego samego czasu co czasownik raportujący, używamy zwykłego bezokolicznika.

• People say that Tom is very rich.
• Tom is said to be very rich.

W zdaniu The company is believed to have serious problems słowo have oznacza zwykłe „mieć”, a nie Perfect Infinitive.

To be doing - czynność w toku

Jeśli opisujemy trwającą czynność, używamy:

be + reporting verb w V3 + to be + -ing

• People believe that she is living abroad.
• She is believed to be living abroad.
• They say that the company is considering a merger.
• The company is said to be considering a merger.

To have done - wcześniejsza czynność

Jeśli czynność wydarzyła się wcześniej niż moment raportowania, stosujemy:

be + reporting verb w V3 + to have + V3

• People believe that he stole the money.
• He is believed to have stolen the money.
• People think that she left last week.
• She is thought to have left last week.

Najważniejsze pytanie brzmi: czy czynność jest równoczesna z raportowaniem, czy wcześniejsza?

Formy zaawansowane

To have been doing - wcześniejszy proces

• People believe that he has been working for the company for years.
• He is believed to have been working for the company for years.
• She was thought to have been living there before she disappeared.

To have been done - wcześniejsza strona bierna

Jeśli wcześniejsze wydarzenie samo jest bierne:

• People believe that the painting was stolen during the war.
• The painting is believed to have been stolen during the war.
• They report that the documents were destroyed.
• The documents are reported to have been destroyed.

Nie myl:

• to have been working - Perfect Continuous
• to have been stolen - Perfect Passive

Czas Reporting Passive i expect

Czasownik be pokazuje, kiedy dana opinia była przekazywana:

• He is believed to be abroad. - przekonanie obecne
• He was believed to be abroad. - przekonanie w przeszłości
• He was believed to have left earlier. - dawne przekonanie o jeszcze wcześniejszym wydarzeniu

Po is expected używamy to + infinitive, a nie to will:

• People expect that prices will rise.
• Prices are expected to rise.

There is said to be i styl formalny

Możemy raportować zdania z there:

• People say that there are several problems.
• There are said to be several problems.
• People believe that there is a secret passage.
• There is believed to be a secret passage.

W rozprawce lub artykule przydatne są konstrukcje:

• It is believed that...
• It is widely thought that...
• It is often claimed that...

It is widely believed that social media can have a negative effect on teenagers.

Transformacja krok po kroku

Zdanie: People believe that the scientist discovered a new method.

1. Znajdź osobę lub rzecz, o której jest informacja: the scientist.
2. Zrób z niej podmiot: The scientist....
3. Utwórz passive reporting verb: The scientist is believed....
4. Ustal relację czasową. Discovered wydarzyło się wcześniej, więc potrzebujemy to have discovered.

Wynik: The scientist is believed to have discovered a new method.

Najczęstsze błędy

• Nie: He is believed that he is rich.

• Tak: It is believed that he is rich. / He is believed to be rich.

• Nie: He is believed to stole the money.

• Tak: He is believed to have stolen the money.

• Nie: She is said to living abroad.

• Tak: She is said to be living abroad.

• Nie: The painting is believed to have stolen.

• Tak: The painting is believed to have been stolen.

• Nie: Prices are expected to will rise.

• Tak: Prices are expected to rise.

Ćwiczenia

Zadanie 1 - wybierz poprawny infinitive

1. Tom is believed _____ very rich. (be)
2. The suspect is believed _____ the country yesterday. (leave)
3. She is said _____ in Madrid at the moment. (live)
4. The painting is thought _____ during the war. (steal)
5. The company is reported _____ financial problems for months. (experience)
6. Prices are expected _____ next year. (rise)

Zadanie 2 - transformacje

1. People say that Anna is an excellent doctor.
2. People believe that the thief escaped through a window.
3. Experts think that the economy is recovering.
4. Police report that three people were injured.
5. People expect that the new system will save time.

Zadanie 3 - popraw błędy

1. Tom is said that he lives abroad.
2. She is believed to left the country.
3. The documents are thought to have destroyed.
4. The company is expected to will announce the decision.
5. He was believed to be stolen the money.

Odpowiedzi

Zadanie 1: 1. to be, 2. to have left, 3. to be living, 4. to have been stolen, 5. to have been experiencing, 6. to rise.

Zadanie 2:

1. Anna is said to be an excellent doctor.
2. The thief is believed to have escaped through a window.
3. The economy is thought to be recovering.
4. Three people are reported to have been injured.
5. The new system is expected to save time.

Zadanie 3:

1. Tom is said to live abroad. / It is said that Tom lives abroad.
2. She is believed to have left the country.
3. The documents are thought to have been destroyed.
4. The company is expected to announce the decision.
5. He was believed to have stolen the money.