Materiał w PDF: Pobierz artykuły 103-105 z ćwiczeniami i odpowiedziami.
Ściąga: "że" -> that, "to, co / czego" -> what, "czy" -> if / whether. W noun clause zawsze szyk twierdzący: I know where Tom lives.
Najważniejsza idea
Noun clause pełni funkcję podobną do rzeczownika: może być podmiotem, dopełnieniem albo częścią orzeczenia po be.
| Funkcja | Pytanie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| podmiotowa | co jest podmiotem? | What she said surprised me. |
| orzecznikowa | co wyjaśnia podmiot po be? | The problem is that we are late. |
| dopełnieniowa | co ktoś wie, myśli, obiecuje? | I know that Tom is busy. |
CKE wymienia zdania podmiotowe, orzecznikowe i dopełnieniowe na obu poziomach, a na rozszerzeniu także konstrukcję All I did was (to) send him an apology.
Zdania podmiotowe
- What I need is more time. - To, czego potrzebuję, to więcej czasu.
- What she said surprised everyone.
- Whether we go depends on the weather.
- That he refused the offer surprised me.
Konstrukcja z that jako podmiotem jest poprawna, ale formalna. Naturalniej: It surprised me that he refused the offer.
What jako to, co
What w noun clause znaczy często the thing(s) that - "to, co / to, czego / to, czym".
- What I want is a quiet weekend.
- I understand what you mean.
- Take what you need.
| Noun clause | Odpowiednik |
|---|---|
| I know what you need. | I know the thing that you need. |
| What he said was true. | The statement that he made was true. |
What vs that
- I know that Tom is tired. - Wiem, że Tom jest zmęczony.
- I know what Tom needs. - Wiem, czego Tom potrzebuje.
That tylko wprowadza treść. What samo pełni funkcję wewnątrz zdania.
| Po polsku | Najczęściej |
|---|---|
| "że..." | that |
| "to, co / czego / czym..." | what |
| "czy..." | if / whether |
Zdania orzecznikowe
Po be, wyjaśniają problem, pytanie, powód, fakt lub rezultat.
- The problem is that we need more time.
- The question is whether we can afford it.
- The truth is that nobody knows the answer.
- What matters is that everyone is safe.
W writingu bezpieczne: The reason is that public transport is cheaper (nie The reason is because...).
Zdania dopełnieniowe z that
- I think (that) this is a good idea.
- She believes (that) the plan will work.
- He promised (that) he would call.
- We hope (that) everything will be fine.
W neutralnych zdaniach that można pominąć.
Kiedy zostawić that?
- gdy jego brak utrudnia zrozumienie długiego zdania
- w formalnym writingu, gdy zależy nam na klarowności
- gdy granica między zdaniami byłaby niejasna
Nie usuwamy that ze zdań podmiotowych typu That he refused surprised me.
WH-clauses i szyk
- I know where Tom lives.
- She explained why she had left.
- I remember what he told me.
- We cannot decide which option is better.
Szyk twierdzący: where Tom lives, nie where does Tom live.
If i whether
W wielu zdaniach dopełnieniowych są wymienne: I don't know if / whether Tom is coming.
Whether jest wymagane:
- po przyimku: It depends on whether we get permission.
- przed to-infinitive: I don't know whether to accept the offer.
- gdy całe zdanie jest podmiotem: Whether we go or not depends on the weather.
Dopełnienie + to-infinitive
VERB + PERSON/OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE
- I would like you to come earlier.
- We expect Tom to finish the project.
- She wants everyone to feel welcome.
- They asked me to wait outside.
All I did was (to)...
- All I did was (to) send him an apology.
- All she did was (to) ask a simple question.
- What I did was (to) call the police.
Konstrukcja podkreśla jedyną lub najważniejszą czynność. Po was możliwy to-infinitive albo bare infinitive.
Czasy w noun clause
| Zdanie | Znaczenie |
|---|---|
| I know that she works here. | fakt teraz |
| I know that she worked here in 2022. | zakończona przeszłość |
| I know that she has worked here for five years. | od przeszłości do teraz |
| He promised that he would call. | future in the past |
Noun clause a pytanie
I don't know where Anna is. · Do you know where Anna is?
W obu where Anna is ma szyk twierdzący - znak zapytania zależy od całego zdania.
Najczęstsze błędy
| NIE | TAK |
|---|---|
| I don't know where does Tom live. | I don't know where Tom lives. |
| What I need it is more time. | What I need is more time. |
| I know what Tom is tired. | I know that Tom is tired. |
| I don't know if to go. | I don't know whether to go. |
| The problem is because we are late. | The problem is that we are late. |
Ćwiczenia
Zadanie 1 - rozpoznaj funkcję
- What she decided surprised us.
- The problem is that we have no time.
- I believe that he is telling the truth.
- Whether we stay depends on the weather.
- The question is whether Tom will agree.
Odpowiedzi: podmiotowa · orzecznikowa · dopełnieniowa · podmiotowa · orzecznikowa
Zadanie 2 - what, that czy whether/if?
- I know ___ you mean.
- I think ___ Tom is right.
- We haven't decided ___ to stay.
- ___ she said was completely true.
- The problem is ___ we need more money.
- It depends on ___ the manager agrees.
Odpowiedzi: what · that (lub bez spójnika) · whether · What · that · whether
Zadanie 3 - popraw błędy
- I don't know what does she want.
- What I want it is a holiday.
- The question is if to accept the offer.
- I know what he is honest.
- It depends on if we have enough money.
- He would like that everyone enjoys the party.
Odpowiedzi: I don't know what she wants. · What I want is a holiday. · The question is whether to accept the offer. · I know that he is honest. · It depends on whether we have enough money. · He would like everyone to enjoy the party.
Zadanie 4 - tłumaczenie
- To, czego potrzebuję, to więcej czasu.
- Problem polega na tym, że nie mamy samochodu.
- Nie wiem, gdzie mieszka Tom.
- Nie zdecydowaliśmy jeszcze, czy zostać.
- Chciałabym, żeby wszyscy dobrze się bawili.
- Jedyne, co zrobiłem, to wysłałem mu wiadomość.
Odpowiedzi: What I need is more time. · The problem is that we don't have a car. · I don't know where Tom lives. · We haven't decided whether to stay yet. · I would like everyone to have a good time. · All I did was (to) send him a message.
Zadanie 5 - transformacje
- The thing I need most is a few days off. WHAT
- We may go or we may stay. It depends on the weather. WHETHER
- I do not know the place where Anna works. WHERE
- My only action was sending an email. DID
- I want Tom to join us. LIKE
Odpowiedzi: What I need most is a few days off. · Whether we go or stay depends on the weather. · I do not know where Anna works. · All I did was (to) send an email. · I would like Tom to join us.
Mini-test - podstawa
- Complete: I know ___ Tom lives.
- Correct: I don't know where is she.
- Translate: Problem polega na tym, że potrzebujemy pomocy.
- Complete: ___ she said surprised me.
- Rewrite: I want you to be here. -> I would ___.
Odpowiedzi: where · I don't know where she is. · The problem is that we need help. · What · like you to be here
Mini-test - rozszerzenie
- Complete formally: It depends on ___ we receive permission.
- Rewrite with ALL: The only thing I did was call him.
- Wyjaśnij różnicę: I know that Tom wants a new phone. / I know what Tom wants.
- Correct: Whether to go it depends on the price.
- Translate: To, czy przyjmie ofertę, zależy od pensji.
Odpowiedzi: whether · All I did was (to) call him. · that wprowadza fakt "że Tom chce...", what znaczy "to, czego Tom chce" · Whether to go depends on the price. · Whether he accepts the offer depends on the salary.