There i It - jak odróżniać konstrukcje z podmiotem formalnym

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Najważniejsza różnica

• There is a cafe near my school. - wprowadza informację o istnieniu.
• It is near my school. - odnosi się do czegoś już znanego.

It jest też formalnym podmiotem w zdaniach o czasie, pogodzie, odległości i ocenach.

There is i there are

• There is a problem.
• There are three students outside.

Forma be zwykle zgadza się z następującą grupą: singular -> there is, plural -> there are.

Przeczenia i pytania

• There isn't any milk left.
• There aren't enough chairs.
• Is there a bank near here?
• Were there many people at the concert?

There w różnych czasach

There used to be

• There used to be a cinema here, but it closed years ago.

Opisuje coś, co istniało dawniej, ale już nie istnieje w tej formie.

There seems to be

• There seems to be a problem with the system.
• There appear to be several reasons for the delay.

To formalniejszy sposób mówienia o prawdopodobnym istnieniu czegoś.

There is bound to be

• There are bound to be some difficulties at the beginning.

Be bound to oznacza bardzo wysokie prawdopodobieństwo.

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Modal Perfect z there

• There must have been a mistake.
• There may have been a misunderstanding.

Schemat: there + modal + have been + noun.

It - czas, pogoda i odległość

It nie zastępuje tu konkretnej rzeczy; jest wymaganym formalnym podmiotem.

It takes

• It takes me twenty minutes to get to work.
• How long does it take to get to the airport?
• It took us two hours to finish the task.

Schemat: It + take + osoba + czas + to-infinitive.

It is + adjective + to

• It is difficult to explain.
• It is important to check the details.

Właściwa treść pojawia się w bezokoliczniku, a it zajmuje miejsce podmiotu.

For czy of?

• It is important for students to practise regularly. - sytuacja dotycząca osoby.
• It was kind of you to help me. - ocena zachowania osoby.
• It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked.

Anticipatory it

It może zapowiadać późniejsze zdanie:

• It is surprising that nobody complained.
• It seems that the plan is working.
• I find it difficult to concentrate here.

Najczęstsze błędy

Ćwiczenia i mini-test

Uzupełnij there lub it:

1. ___ is a new student in our class.
2. ___ is very cold today.
3. ___ were no buses after midnight.
4. How long does ___ take to walk there?
5. ___ seems to be a mistake in the report.
6. ___ is important to check your answers.

Odpowiedzi: There; It; There; it; There; It.

Przekształć:

1. A cinema existed here in the past. USED
2. The journey to school takes me 30 minutes. IT
3. Perhaps a misunderstanding occurred. MAY
4. Students need to practise regularly. IMPORTANT
5. You were kind to help. OF

Odpowiedzi: There used to be a cinema here; It takes me 30 minutes to get to school; There may have been a misunderstanding; It is important for students to practise regularly; It was kind of you to help.

Mini-test:

1. There has/have been several changes.
2. ___ is going to be a storm.
3. ___ is five kilometres from here to the station.
4. Correct: It must have been a mistake.
5. Correct: There is difficult to understand this rule.

Odpowiedzi: have; There; It; There must have been a mistake; It is difficult to understand this rule.