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Stopniowanie to nie tylko końcówki -er/-est. Na maturze trzeba wyrażać równość, mniejszy stopień, skalę różnicy i stopniową zmianę.
Krótkie i długie przymiotniki
Krótkie przymiotniki zwykle przyjmują -er/-est, a w stopniu najwyższym the:
| Typ | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| small | smaller | the smallest |
| nice | nicer | the nicest |
| easy | easier | the easiest |
| big | bigger | the biggest |
Dłuższe formy stopniujemy przez more/the most: more interesting, the most expensive. Nie łącz obu systemów: nie more easier ani the most cheapest.
Stopniowanie nieregularne
| Forma | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| good / well | better | the best |
| bad / badly | worse | the worst |
| much / many | more | the most |
| little - ilość | less | the least |
| far | farther/further | the farthest/furthest |
Farther częściej dotyczy odległości fizycznej, a further może oznaczać także „dalszy, dodatkowy”: further information.
Comparative z than
- This task is easier than the previous one.
- My new phone works better than the old one.
- Travelling by train is more comfortable than travelling by coach.
Po comparative używamy than, nie then.
As...as i not as...as
As + forma podstawowa + as wyraża równość:
- Tom is as tall as his brother.
- She can run as fast as her sister.
Mniejszy stopień: This room is not as big as the other one. W przeczeniu możliwe jest też not so...as.
Less i the least
Less pozwala porównać w kierunku „mniej” bez tworzenia przeczenia:
- This option is less expensive than the first one.
- It was the least practical solution.
Wzmacnianie comparative
| Wyrażenie | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| much / far / a lot | dużo | This version is much better. |
| considerably / significantly | znacznie | Costs are significantly higher. |
| a bit / a little / slightly | trochę | The task is slightly easier. |
| even | jeszcze | The new model is even more expensive. |
Nie używamy very przed comparative. Powiedz much better, nie very better.
As much i as many as
- I do not have as much free time as my brother.
- Our school has as many students as yours.
Much łączy się z niepoliczalnym, many z policzalnym w liczbie mnogiej.
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More and more
Konstrukcja pokazuje stopniową zmianę:
- The situation is getting more and more complicated.
- Prices are getting higher and higher.
- I am becoming less and less patient.
The more, the better
To konstrukcja zależności: „im bardziej..., tym bardziej...”. Obie formy są porównawcze, nie najwyższe.
- The more you practise, the better you become.
- The earlier we leave, the less traffic there will be.
- The more expensive the hotel is, the higher our expectations are.
Twice as...as
- This room is twice as big as mine.
- The new ticket is three times as expensive as the old one.
- I have twice as much work as yesterday.
Superlative - ważne konstrukcje
- This is the best restaurant in the area.
- She is one of the most talented students in the class.
- It was by far the most difficult task.
- This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
Po one of the + superlative daj rzeczownik w liczbie mnogiej. By far wzmacnia superlative. Po stopniu najwyższym często pojawia się Present Perfect.
Stopniowanie przysłówków
- She works harder than I do.
- Tom answered more carefully than before.
- Anna arrived earlier than the others.
- He performed the best of all the candidates.
Krótkie przysłówki, np. fast, hard, early, mogą przyjmować -er. Wiele form na -ly stopniujemy przez more/most.
Typowe błędy
| Błąd | Poprawnie |
|---|---|
| more easier | easier |
| the most cheapest | the cheapest |
| very better | much/far better |
| as taller as | as tall as |
| more better | better |
| one of the best student | one of the best students |
| than / then pomylone | than |
Ćwiczenia
- This task is ___ (
easy) than the previous one. - It is the ___ (
bad) mistake I have made this year. - Anna speaks English ___ (
fluently) than Tom. - This is one of the ___ (
interesting) books I have read. - The city is getting ___ and ___ (
crowded). - The ___ (
soon) we leave, the ___ (good). - My new flat is twice as ___ (
large) as my old one. - Today I have ___ (
little) time than yesterday.
Odpowiedzi: 1. easier; 2. worst; 3. more fluently; 4. most interesting; 5. more and more crowded; 6. sooner / better; 7. large; 8. less.
Popraw błędy:
- This exercise is more easier than the last one.
- Tom is as taller as his brother.
- This is one of the best film I have ever seen.
- The new version is very better.
- The more you practise, the best you become.
Odpowiedzi: easier, as tall as, one of the best films, much/far better, the better you become.
Mini-test i szybka ściąga
- This book is more interesting / interestinger than that one.
- Complete: good -> ___ -> the best.
- My car is not ___ fast ___ yours.
- Correct: She is one of the most talented student in the school.
- He works ___ (
hard) than before.
Odpowiedzi: 1. more interesting; 2. better; 3. as/as; 4. students; 5. harder.
Ściąga: short adjective -> -er/-est; long adjective -> more/most; as + base + as; much/far/a lot + comparative; the more..., the better...; more and more; one of the + superlative + plural.